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FAA Part 105: Parachute Jumping
Subpart A -- General
105.1 Applicability.
105.3 Definitions.
105.5 General.
105.7 use of alcohol and drugs.
105.9 Inspections.
Subpart B -- Operating Rules
105.13 FEDERAL REGISTER Radio equipment and use requirements.
105.15 Information required and notice of cancellation or postponement of a parachute operation.
105.17 Flight visibility and clearance from cloud requirements.
105.19 Parachute operations between sunset and sunrise.
105.21 Parachute operations over or into a congested area or an open-air assembly of persons.
105.23 Parachute operations over or onto airports.
105.25 Parachute operations in designated airspace.
Subpart C -- Parachute Equipment and Packing
105.41 Applicability.
105.43 Use of single-harness, dual-parachute systems.
105.45 Use of tandem parachute systems.
105.47 Use of static lines.
105.49 Foreign parachutists and equipment.
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113-40114, 44701-44702, 44721.
Source: Doc. No. FAA-1999-5483, 66 FR 23553, May 9, 2001, unless otherwise noted.
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FAA Part 91: General Operations and Flight Rules
Subpart A General
91.1 Applicability
91.3 Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command
91.7 Civil Aircraft Worthiness
91.11 Prohibition Against Interference With Crew Members
91.13 Careless or Reckless Operation
91.15 Dropping Objects
91.17 Alcohol or Drugs
91.19 Carriage Of Narcotic Drugs, Marihuana, And Depressant Or Stimulant Drugs Or Substances
91.25 Aviation Safety Reporting Program: Prohibition Against Use Of Reports For Enforcement Purposes
91.119 Minimum Safe Altitudes: General.
91.127 Operating on or in the Vicinity of an Airport in Class E Airspace
91.151 Fuel Requirements for Flight in VFR Conditions
SUBPART B— Flight Rules General
91.101 Applicability
91.103 Preflight Action
91.107 Use of Safety Belts, Shoulder Harnesses, and Child Restraint Systems
91.111 Operating Near Other Aircraft
91.113 Right-of-Way Rules: Except Water Operations
91.119 Minimum Safe Altitudes: General
91.127 Operating on or in the Vicinity of an Airport in Class E Airspace
91.151 Fuel Requirements for Flight in VFR Conditions
SUBPART C— Equipment, Instrument, and Certificate Requirements
91.211 Supplemental Oxygen
SUBPART D— Special Flight Operations
91.307 Parachutes and Parachuting
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FAA PART 91: GENERAL OPERATION AND FLIGHT RULES
Subpart A General
SEC. 91.1 Applicability
A. Except as provided in paragraph B of this section and Section 91.703, this part prescribes rules governing the operation of aircraft
(other than moored balloons, kites, unmanned rockets, and unmanned free balloons, which are governed by part 101 of this chapter, and ultralight vehicles operated in accordance with part 103 of this
chap-ter) within the United States, including the waters within 3 nautical miles of the U.S. coast.
B. Each person operating an aircraft in the airspace overlying the waters between 3 and 12 nautical miles from the coast of the United
States shall comply with Secs. 91.1 through 91.21; Secs. 91.101 through 91.143; Secs. 91.151 through 91.159; Secs. 91.167 through 91.193; Sec. 91.203; Sec. 91.205; Secs. 91.209 through 91.217; Sec.
91.221; Secs. 91.303 through 91.319; Sec. 91.323; Sec. 91.605; Sec. 91.609; Secs. 91.703 through 91.715; and 91.903.
SEC. 91.3 Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command
A. The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft.
B. In an in-flight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required
to meet that emergency.
C. Each pilot in command who deviates from a rule under paragraph B of this section shall, upon the request of the Administrator, send a
written report of that deviation to the Administrator.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under OMB control number 2120-0005)
SEC. 91.7 Civil Aircraft Airworthiness
A. No person may operate a civil aircraft unless it is in an air-worthy condition.
B. The pilot in command of a civil aircraft is responsible for determining whether that aircraft is in condition for safe flight. The pilot in
command shall discontinue the flight when unairworthy mechanical, electrical, or structural conditions occur.
SEC. 91.11 Prohibition Against Interference with Crew Members
No person may assault, threaten, intimidate, or interfere with a crewmember in the performance of the crewmembers duties aboard an
aircraft being operated.
SEC. 91.13 Careless or Reckless Operation
A. Aircraft operations for the purpose of air navigation. No person may
operate an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another.
B. Aircraft operations other than for the purpose of air navigation.
No person may operate an aircraft, other than for the purpose of air navigation, on any part of the surface of an airport used by aircraft for
air commerce (including areas used by those aircraft for receiving or discharging persons or cargo), in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another.
SEC. 91.15 Dropping Objects
No pilot in command of a civil aircraft may allow any object to be dropped from that aircraft in flight that creates a hazard to persons or
property. However, this section does not prohibit the dropping of any object if reasonable precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage to persons or property.
SEC. 91.17 Alcohol or Drugs
A. No person may act or attempt to act as a crewmember of a civil aircraft
1. Within 8 hours after the consumption of any alco-holic beverage;
2. While under the influence of alcohol;
3. While using any drug that affects the persons facul-ties in any way contrary to safety; or
4. While having .04 percent by weight or more alcohol in the blood.
B. Except in an emergency, no pilot of a civil aircraft may allow a person who appears to be intoxicated or who demonstrates by manner
or physical indications that the individual is under the influence of drugs (except a med-ical patient under proper care) to be carried in that air-craft.
C. A crewmember shall do the following:
1. On request of a law enforcement officer, submit to a test to indicate the percentage by weight of alcohol in the blood, when
a. The law enforcement officer is authorized under State or local law to conduct the test or to have the test conducted; and
b. The law enforcement officer is requesting sub-mission to the test to investigate a suspected violation of State or local law governing the same or substantially similar
conduct prohibited by paragraph A.1, A.2, or A.4 of this section.
2. Whenever the Administrator has a reasonable basis to believe that a person may have violated paragraph A.1, A.2, or A.4 of
this section, that person shall, upon request by the Administrator, furnish the Administrator, or authorize any clinic, hospital, doc-tor, or other person to release to the Administrator, the
results of each test taken within 4 hours after acting or attempting to act as a crewmember that indicates percentage by weight of alcohol in the blood.
D. Whenever the Administrator has a reasonable basis to believe that a person may have violated paragraph A.3 of this section, that person
shall, upon request by the Administrator, furnish the Administrator, or authorize any clinic, hospital, doctor, or other person to release to the
Administrator, the results of each test taken within 4 hours after acting or attempting to act as a crewmember that indicates the presence of any drugs in the body.
E. Any test information obtained by the Administrator under paragraph C or D of this section may be evaluated in determining a person's
qualifications for any airman cer-tificate or possible violations of this chapter and may be used as evidence in any legal proceeding under section 602, 609, or 901 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958.
SEC. 91.19 Carriage of Narcotic Drugs, Marijuana, and Depressant or Stimulant Drugs or Substances
A. Except as provided in paragraph B of this section, no per-son may operate a civil aircraft within the United States with knowledge that
narcotic drugs, marijuana, and depressant or stimulant drugs or substances as defined in Federal or State statutes are carried in the aircraft.
B. Paragraph A of this section does not apply to any carriage of narcotic drugs, marijuana, and depressant or stimulant drugs or
substances authorized by or under any Federal or State statute or by any Federal or State agency.
SEC. 91.25 Aviation Safety Reporting Program Prohibition Against Use of Reports for Enforcement Purposes
The Administrator of the FAA will not use reports submitted to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Aviation
Safety Reporting Program (or information derived there from) in any enforcement action except information concerning accidents or criminal offenses which are wholly excluded from the Program.
SUBPART B—Flight Rules General
SEC. 91.101 Applicability
This subpart prescribes flight rules governing the operation of aircraft
within the United States and within 12 nautical miles from the coast of the United States.
SEC. 91.103 Preflight Action
Each pilot in command shall, before beginning a flight, become familiar
with all available information concerning that flight. This information must include:
A. For a flight under IFR or a flight not in the vicinity of an airport, weather reports and forecasts, fuel requirements, alternatives available
if the planned flight cannot be com-pleted, and any known traffic delays of which the pilot in command has been advised by ATC;
B. For any flight, runway lengths at airports of intended use, and the following takeoff and landing distance information:
1. For civil aircraft for which an approved Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual containing takeoff and landing distance data is
required, the takeoff and landing distance data contained therein; and
2. For civil aircraft other than those specified in para-graph B.1. of this section, other reliable information appropriate to the
aircraft, relating to aircraft perfor-mance under expected values of airport elevation and runway slope, aircraft gross weight, and wind and temperature.
SEC. 91.107 Use of Safety Belts, Shoulder Harnesses, and Child Restraint Systems
A. Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator—
1. No pilot may take off a U.S.-registered civil aircraft (except a free balloon that incorporates a basket or gondola, or an airship
type certificated before November 2, 1987) unless the pilot in command of that aircraft ensures that each person on board is briefed on how to fasten and unfasten that person's safety belt
and, if installed, shoulder harness.
2. No pilot may cause to be moved on the surface, take off, or land a U.S.-registered civil aircraft (except a free balloon that
incorporates a basket or gondola, or an airship type certificated before November 2, 1987) unless the pilot in command of that aircraft ensures that each person on board has been notified to
fasten his or her safety belt and, if installed, his or her shoulder harness.
3. Except as provided in this paragraph, each person on board a U.S. registered civil aircraft (except a free balloon that
incorporates a basket or gondola or an airship type certificated before November 2, 1987) must occupy an approved seat or berth with a safety belt and, if installed, shoulder harness,
properly secured about him or her during movement on the surface, takeoff, and landing. For seaplane and float equipped rotorcraft operations during movement on the surface, the
person pushing off the seaplane or rotorcraft from the dock and the person mooring the seaplane or rotorcraft at the dock are excepted from the preceding seating and safety belt require-ments.
Notwithstanding the preceding requirements of this paragraph, a person may:
a. Be held by an adult who is occupying a seat or berth if that person has not reached his or her second birthday;
b. Use the floor of the aircraft as a seat, provided that the person is on board for the purpose of engaging in sport
parachuting; or
SEC. 91.111 Operating Near Other Aircraft
A. No person may operate an aircraft so close to another air-craft as to create a collision hazard.
B. No person may operate an aircraft in formation flight except by arrangement with the pilot in command of each aircraft in the formation.
C. No person may operate an aircraft, carrying passengers for hire, in formation flight.
SEC. 91.113 Right-of-Way Rules: Except Water Operations
A. Inapplicability: This section does not apply to the opera-tion of an aircraft on water.
B. General: When weather conditions permit, regardless of whether an operation is conducted under instrument flight rules or visual flight
rules, vigilance shall be main-tained by each person operating an aircraft so as to see and avoid other aircraft. When a rule of this section gives another aircraft the right-of-way, the pilot shall give way
to that aircraft and may not pass over, under, or ahead of it unless well clear.
C. In distress: An aircraft in distress has the right-of-way over all other air traffic.
D. Converging: When aircraft of the same category are con-verging at approximately the same altitude (except head-on, or nearly so), the
aircraft to the other's right has the right-of-way. If the aircraft are of different categories—
1. A balloon has the right-of-way over any other cate-gory of aircraft;
2. A glider has the right-of-way over an airship, air-plane,or
rotorcraft; and
3. An airship has the right-of-way over an airplane or rotorcraft. However, an aircraft towing or refueling other aircraft has the right-of- way over all other engine-driven aircraft.
E. Approaching head-on: When aircraft are approaching each other head-on, or nearly so, each pilot of each aircraft shall alter course to the right.
F. Overtaking: Each aircraft that is being overtaken has the right-of-way and each pilot of an overtaking aircraft shall alter course
to the right to pass well clear.
G. Landing: Aircraft, while on final approach to land or while landing, have the right-of-way over other aircraft in flight or operating on the
surface, except that they shall not take advantage of this rule to force an aircraft off the runway surface which has already landed and is attempting to make way for an aircraft on final approach. When two or
more aircraft are approaching an airport for the purpose of landing, the aircraft at the lower altitude has the right-of-way, but it shall not take
advantage of this rule to cut in front of another which is on final approach to land or to overtake that aircraft.
SEC. 91.119 Minimum Safe Altitudes: General
Except when necessary for takeoff or landing, no person may operate an aircraft below the following altitudes:
A. Anywhere. An altitude allowing, if a power unit fails, an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface.
B. Over congested areas. Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or over any open air assembly of per-sons, an altitude of
1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet of the aircraft.
C. Over other than congested areas. An altitude of 500 feet above the surface, except over open water or sparsely populat-ed areas. In those
cases, the aircraft may not be operated clos-er than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure.
SEC. 91.127 Operating on or in the Vicinity of an Airport in Class E Airspace
A. Unless otherwise required by part 93 of this chapter or unless otherwise authorized or required by the ATC facili-ty having jurisdiction
over the Class E airspace area, each person operating an aircraft on or in the vicinity of an air-port in a Class E airspace area must comply with the requirements of section 91.126.
B. Departures: Each pilot of an aircraft must comply with any traffic patterns established for that airport in part 93 of this chapter.
C. Communications with control towers: Unless otherwise authorized or required by ATC, no person may operate an aircraft to, from, through,
or on an airport having an oper-ational control tower unless two-way radio communica-tions are maintained between that aircraft and the control tower. Communications must be established prior to 4 nautical
miles from the airport, up to and including 2,500 feet AGL. However, if the aircraft radio fails in flight, the pilot in command may operate that
aircraft and land if weather conditions are at or above basic Visual Flight Rules (VFR) weather minimums, visual contact with the tower is maintained, and a clearance to land is received. If the aircraft radio
fails while in flight under IFR, the pilot must comply with section 91.185.
SEC. 91.151 Fuel Requirements for Flight in VFR Conditions
A. No person may begin a flight in an airplane under VFR conditions unless (considering wind and forecast weather conditions) there is
enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing and, assuming normal cruising speed:
1. During the day, to fly after that for at least 30 min-utes; or
2. At night, to fly after that for at least 45 minutes.
SUBPART C— Equipment, Instrument, and Certificate Requirements
SEC. 91.211 Supplemental Oxygen
A. General: No person may operate a civil aircraft of U.S. registry:
1. At cabin pressure altitudes above 12,500 feet (MSL) up to and including 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the required minimum flight
crew is provided with and uses supple-mental oxygen for that part of the flight at those alti-tudes that is of more than 30 minutes duration;
2. At cabin pressure altitudes above 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the required minimum flight crew is provided with and uses
supplemental oxygen during the entire flight time at those altitudes; and
3. At cabin pressure altitudes above 15,000 feet (MSL) unless each occupant of the aircraft is provided with supplemental oxygen.
B. Pressurized cabin aircraft:
1. No person may operate a civil aircraft of U.S. reg-istry with a pressurized cabin:
a. At flight altitudes above flight level 250 unless at least a 10-minute supply of supplemental oxygen, in addition to any
oxygen required to satisfy paragraph A of this section, is available for each occupant of the aircraft for use in the event that a descent is necessitated by loss of cabin pressurization; and
b. At flight altitudes above flight level 350 unless one pilot at the controls of the airplane is wear-ing and using an oxygen mask
that is secured and sealed and that either supplies oxygen at all times or automatically supplies oxygen when-ever the cabin pressure altitude of the airplane exceeds 14,000 feet (MSL),
except that the one pilot need not wear and use an oxygen mask while at or below flight level 410 if there are two pilots at the controls and each pilot has a quick-donning type of oxygen mask
that can be placed on the face with one hand from the ready position within 5 seconds, supplying oxygen and properly secured and sealed.
2. Notwithstanding paragraph B.1.b of this section, if for any reason at any time it is necessary for one pilot to leave the controls of the
aircraft when oper-ating at flight altitudes above flight level 350, the remaining pilot at the controls shall put on and use an oxygen mask until the other pilot has returned to that crewmember's station.
SUBPART D— Special Flight Operations
SEC. 91.307 Parachutes and Parachuting
A. No pilot of a civil aircraft may allow a parachute that is available for
emergency use to be carried in that aircraft unless it is an approved type and—
1. If a chair type (canopy in back), it has been packed by a certificated and appropriately rated parachute rigger within the preceding 120 days; or
2. If any other type, it has been packed by a certificated and appropriately rated parachute rigger—
a. Within the preceding 120 days, if its canopy, shrouds, and harness are composed exclusively of nylon, rayon, or
other similar synthetic fiber or materials that are substantially resistant to damage from mold, mildew, or other fungi and other rotting agents propagated in a moist environment; or
b. Within the preceding 60 days, if any part of the parachute is composed of silk, pongee, or other natural fiber, or materials not specified in paragraph A.2.a of this section.
B. Except in an emergency, no pilot in command may allow, and no person may make, a parachute jump from an aircraft within the United
States except in accordance with Part 105.
C. Unless each occupant of the aircraft is wearing an approved parachute, no pilot of a civil aircraft carrying any person (other than a
crewmember) may execute any inten-tional maneuver that exceeds:
1. A bank of 60 o relative to the horizon; or
2. A nose-up or nose-down attitude of 30 o relative to the horizon.
D. Paragraph C of this section does not apply to—
1. Flight tests for pilot certification or rating; or
2. Spins and other flight maneuvers required by the reg-ulations
for any certificate or rating when given by:
a. A certificated flight instructor; or
b. An airline transport pilot instructing in accor-dance with Section 61.169 of this chapter.
E. For the purposes of this section, "approved parachute" means:
1. A parachute manufactured under a type certificate or a technical standard order (C-23 series); or
2. A personnel-carrying military parachute identified by an NAF, AAF, or AN drawing number, an AAF
PART 105--PARACHUTE JUMPING
§105.1
Applicability.
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, this part prescribes rules governing parachute operations conducted in the
United States.
(b) This part does not apply to a parachute operation conducted --
(1) In response to an in-flight emergency, or
(2) To meet an emergency on the surface when it is conducted at the direction or with the approval of an agency of the United
States, or of a State, Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, or a possession of the United States, or an agency or political subdivision thereof.
(c) Sections 105.5, 105.9, 105.13, 105.15, 105.17, 105.19 through 105.23, 105.25(a)(1) and 105.27 of this part do not apply to a
parachute operation conducted by a member of an Armed Force --
(1) Over or within a restricted area when that area is under the control of an Armed Force.
(2) During military operations in uncontrolled airspace.
§105.3
Definitions.
For the purposes of this part --
Approved parachute means a parachute manufactured under a type certificate or a Technical Standard Order (C-23 series), or a
personnel-carrying U.S. military parachute (other than a high altitude, high speed, or ejection type) identified by a Navy Air Facility, an Army Air Field, and Air Force-Navy drawing number, an Army Air Field order
number, or any other military designation or specification number.
Automatic Activation Device means a self-contained mechanical or electro-mechanical device that is attached to the interior of the
reserve parachute container, which automatically initiates parachute deployment of the reserve parachute at a pre-set altitude, time, percentage of terminal velocity, or combination thereof.
Direct Supervision means that a certificated rigger personally observes
a non-certificated person packing a main parachute to the extent necessary to ensure that it is being done properly, and takes responsibility for that packing.
Drop Zone means any pre-determined area upon which parachutists or
objects land after making an intentional parachute jump or drop. The center-point target of a drop zone is expressed in nautical miles from the nearest VOR facility when 30 nautical miles or less; or from the
nearest airport, town, or city depicted on the appropriate Coast and Geodetic Survey World Aeronautical Chart or Sectional Aeronautical Chart, when the nearest VOR facility is more than 30 nautical miles from
the drop zone.
Foreign parachutist means a parachutist who is neither a U.S. citizen or
a resident alien and is participating in parachute operations within the United States using parachute equipment not manufctured in the United States.
Freefall means the portion of a parachute jump or drop between aircraft
exit and parachute deployment in which the parachute is activated manually by the parachutist at the parachutist's discretion or automatically, or, in the case of an object, is activated automatically.
Main parachute means a parachute worn as the primary parachute used or intended to be used in conjunction with a reserve parachute.
Object means any item other than a person that descends to the surface from an aircraft in flight when a parachute is used or is
intended to be used during all or part of the descent.
Parachute drop means the descent of an object to the surface from an
aircraft in flight when a parachute is used or intended to be used during all or part of that descent.
Parachute jump means a parachute operation that involves the descent
of one or more persons to the surface from an aircraft in flight when a aircraft is used or intended to be used during all or part of that descent.
Parachute operation means the performance of all activity for the purpose of, or in support of, a parachute jump or a parachute drop.
This parachute operation can involve, but is not limited to, the following persons: parachutist, parachutist in command and passenger in tandem parachute operations, drop zone or owner or operator, jump master,
certificated parachute rigger, or pilot.
Parachutist means a person who intends to exit an aircraft while in
flight using a single-harness, dual parachute system to descend to the surface.
Parachutist in command means the person responsible fro the operation and safety of a tandem parachute operation.
Passenger parachutist means a person who boards an aircraft, acting as other than the parachutist in command of a tandem parachute
operation, with the intent of existing the aircraft while in-flight using the forward harness of a dual harness tandem parachute system to descend to the surface.
Pilot chute means a small parachute used to initiate and/or accelerate deployment of a main or reserve parachute.
Ram-air parachute means a parachute with a canopy consisting of an
upper and lower surface that is inflated by ram air entering through specially designed openings in the front of the canopy to form a gliding airfoil.
Reserve parachute means an approved parachute worn for emergency
use to be activated only upon failure of the main parachute or in any other emergency where use of the main parachute is impractical or use of the main parachute would increase risk.
Single-harness, dual parachute system: means the combination of a main parachute, approved reserve parachute, and approved single
person harness and dual-parachute container. This parachute system may have an operational automatic activation device installed.
Tandem parachute operation: means a parachute operation in which more than one person simultaneously uses the same tandem parachute
system while descending to the surface from an aircraft in flight.
Tandem parachute system: means the combination of a main parachute, approved reserve parachute, and approved harness and
dual parachute container, and a separate approved forward harness for a passenger parachutist. This parachute system must have an operational automatic activation device installed.
§105.5
General.
No person may conduct a parachute operation, and no pilot in command of an aircraft may allow a parachute operation to be conducted from an
aircraft, if that operation creates a hazard to air traffic or to persons or property on the surface.
105.7
Use of alcohol and drugs.
No person may conduct a parachute operation, and no pilot in command of an aircraft may allow a person to conduct a parachute operation
from that aircraft, if that person is or appears to be under the influence of --
(a) Alcohol, or
(b) Any drug that affects that person's faculties in any way contrary to safety.
§105.9
Inspections.
The Administrator may inspect any parachute operation to which this part applies (including inspections at the site where the parachute
operation is being conducted) to determine compliance with the regulations of this part.
Subpart B -- Operating Rules
§105.13
Radio equipment and use requirements.
(a) Except when otherwise authorized by air traffic control --
(1) No person may conduct a parachute operation, and no pilot in command of an aircraft may allow a parachute operation to be
conducted from that aircraft, in or into controlled airspace unless, during that flight --
(i) The aircraft is equipped with a functioning two-way radio communication system appropriate to the air traffic
control facilities being used; and
(ii) Radio communications have been established between the aircraft and the air traffic control facility having
jurisdiction over the affected airspace of the first intended exit altitude at least 5 minutes before the parachute operation begins. The pilot in command must establish radio
communications to receive information regarding air traffic activity in the vicinity of the parachute operation.
(2) The pilot in command of an aircraft used for any parachute operation in or into controlled airspace must, during each flight --
(i) Continuously monitor the appropriate frequency of the aircraft's radio communications system from the time radio
communications are first established between the aircraft and air traffic control, until the pilot advises air traffic control that the parachute operation has ended for that flight.
(ii) Advise air traffic control when the last parachutist or object leaves the aircraft.
(b) Parachute operations must be aborted if, prior to receipt of a required air traffic control authorization, or during any parachute
operation in or into controlled airspace, the required radio communications system is or becomes inoperative.
§105.15
Information required and notice of cancellation or postponement of a parachute operation.
(a) Each person requesting an authorization under §§105.21(b) and 105.25(a)(2) of this part and each person submitting a notification
under §105.25(a)(3) of this part must provide the following information (on an individual or group basis):
(1) The date and time the parachute operation will begin.
(2) The radius of the drop zone around the target expressed in nautical miles.
(3) The location of the center of the drop zone in relation to --
(i) The nearest VOR facility in terms of the VOR radial on which it is located and its distance in nautical miles from
the VOR facility when that facility is 30 nautical miles or less from the drop zone target; or
(ii) the nearest airport, town, or city depicted on the appropriate Coast and Geodetic Survey World Aeronautical
Chart or Sectional Aeronautical Chart, when the nearest VOR facility is more than 30 nautical miles from the drop zone target.
(4) Each altitude above mean sea level at which the aircraft will be operated when parachutists or objects exist the aircraft.
(5) The duration of the intended parachute operation.
(6) The name, address, and telephone number of the person who requests the authorization or gives notice of the parachute operation.
(7) The registration number of the aircraft to be used.
(8) The name of the air traffic control facility with jurisdiction of the airspace at the first intended exit altitude to be used for the
parachute operation.
(b) Each holder of a certificate of authorization issued under §§105.21(b) and 105.25(b) of this part must present that certificate for
inspection upon the request of the Administrator or any Federal, State, or local official.
(c) Each person requesting an authorization under §§105.21(b) and 105.25(a)(2) of this part and each person submitting a notice under
§105.25(a)(3) of this part must promptly notify the air traffic control facility having jurisdiction over the affected airspace if the proposed or scheduled parachute operation is canceled or postponed.
§105.17
Flight visibility and clearance from cloud requirements.
No person may conduct a parachute operation, and no pilot in command of an aircraft may allow a parachute operation to be conducted from
that aircraft --
(a) Into or through a cloud, or
(b) When the flight visibility or the distance from any cloud is less than that prescribed in the following table:
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Altitude (statute miles)
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Flight visibility
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Distance from clouds
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1,200 feet or less above the surface regardless of the MSL altitude.
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3
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500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 2,000 feet horizontal.
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More than 1,200 feet above the surface but less than 10,000 feet MSL.
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3
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500 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 2,000 feet horizontal.
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More than 1,200 feet above the surface and at or above 10,000 feet MSL.
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5
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1,000 feet below, 1,000 feet above, 1 mile horizontal.
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§105.19
Parachute operations between sunset and sunrise.
(a) No person may conduct a parachute operation, and no pilot in command of an aircraft may allow a person to conduct a parachute
operation from an aircraft between sunset and sunrise, unless the person or object descending from the aircraft displays a light that is visible for at least 3 statute miles.
(b) The light required by paragraph (a) of this section must be displayed from the time that the person or object is under a properly
functioning open parachute until that person or object reaches the surface.
§105.21
Parachute operations over or into a congested area or an open-air assembly of persons.
(a) No person may conduct a parachute operation, and no pilot in command of an aircraft may allow a parachute operation to be
conducted from that aircraft, over or into a congested area of a city, town, or settlement, or an open-air assembly of persons unless a certificate of authorization for that parachute operation has been
issued under this section. However, a parachutist may drift over a congested area or an open-air assembly of persons with a fully deployed and properly functioning parachute if that parachutist is at a
sufficient altitude to avoid creating a hazard to persons or property on the surface.
(b) An application for a certificate of authorization issued under this section must --
(1) Be made in the form and manner prescribed by the Administrator, and
(2) Contain the information required in §105.15(a) of this part.
(c) Each holder of, and each person named as a participant in a certificate of authorization issued under this section must comply with
all requirements contained in the certificate of authorization.
(d) Each holder of a certificate of authorization issued under this section must present that certificate for inspection upon the request of
the Administrator, or any Federal, State, or local official.
§105.23
Parachute operations over or onto airports.
No person may conduct a parachute operation, and no pilot in command of an aircraft may allow a parachute operation to be conducted from
that aircraft, over or onto any airport unless --
(a) For airports with an operating control tower:
(1) Prior approval has been obtained from the management of the airport to conduct parachute operations over or on that airport.
(2) Approval has been obtained from the control tower to conduct parachute operations over or onto that airport.
(3) Two-way radio communications are maintained between the pilot of the aircraft involved in the parachute operation and the
control tower of the airport over or onto which the parachute operation is being conducted.
(b) For airports without an operating control tower, prior approval has been obtained from the management of the airport to conduct
parachute operations over or on that airport.
(c) A parachutist may drift over that airport with a fully deployed and properly functioning parachute if the parachutist is at least 2,000 feet
above that airport's traffic pattern, and avoids creating a hazard to air traffic or to persons and property on the ground.
§105.25
Parachute operations in designated airspace.
(a) No person may conduct a parachute operation, and no pilot in command of an aircraft may allow a parachute operation to be
conducted from that aircraft--
(1) Over or within a restricted area or prohibited area unless the controlling agency of the area concerned has authorized that
parachute operation;
(2) Within or into a Class A, B, C, D airspace area without, or in violation of the requirements of, an air traffic control
authorization issued under this section;
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (c) and (d) of this section, within or into Class E or G airspace area unless the air traffic
control facility having jurisdiction over the airspace at the first intended exit altitude is notified of the parachute operation no earlier than 24 hours before or no later than 1 hour before the
parachute operation begins.
(b) Each request for a parachute operation authorization or notification
required under this section must be submitted to the air traffic control facility having jurisdiction over the airspace at the first intended exit
altitude and must include the information prescribed by §105.15(a) of this part.
(c) For the purposes of paragraph (a)(3) of this section, air traffic
control facilities may accept a written notification from an organization that conducts parachute operations and lists the scheduled series of parachute operations to be conducted over a stated period of time not
longer than 12 calendar months. The notification must contain the information prescribed by §105.15(a) of this part, identify the responsible persons associated with that parachute operation, and be
submitted at least 15 days, but not more than 30 days, before the parachute operation begins. The FAA may revoke the acceptance of the notification for any failure of the organization conducting the
parachute operations to comply with its requirements.
(d) Paragraph (a)(3) of this section does not apply to a parachute operation conducted by a member of an Armed Force within a restricted
area that extends upward from the surface when that area is under the control of an Armed Force.
Subpart C -- Parachute Equipment and Packing
§105.41
Applicability.
This subpart prescribed rules governing parachute equipment used in civil parachute operations.
§105.43
Use of single-harness, dual-parachute systems.
No person may conduct a parachute operation using a single-harness, dual-parachute system, and no pilot in command of an aircraft may
allow any person to conduct a parachute operation from that aircraft using a single-harness, dual-parachute system, unless that system has at least one main parachute, one approved reserve parachute, and one
approved single person harness and container that are packed as follows:
(a) The main parachute must have been packed within 120 days before the date of its use of a certificated parachute rigger, the person
making the next jump with that parachute, or a non-certificated person under the direct supervision of a certification parachute rigger.
(b) The reserve parachute must have been packed by a certificated parachute rigger --
(1) Within 120 days before the date of its use, if its canopy, shroud, and harness are composed exclusively of nylon, rayon, or
similar synthetic fiber or material that is substantially resistant to damage from mold, mildew, and other fungi, and other rotting agents propagated in a moist environment; or
(2) Within 60 days before the date of its use, if it is composed of any amount of silk, pongee, or other natural fiber, or material not
specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section.
(c) If installed, the automatic activation device must be maintained in accordance with manufacturer instructions for that automatic activation device.
§105.45
Use of tandem parachute systems.
(a) No person may conduct a parachute operation using a tandem parachute system, and no pilot in command of an aircraft may allow
any person to conduct a parachute operation from that aircraft using a tandem parachute system, unless --
(1) One of the parachutists using the tandem parachute system is the parachutist in command, and meets the following requirements:
(i) Has a minimum of 3 years of experience in parachuting, and must provide documentation that the parachutist --
(ii) Has completed a minimum of 500 freefall parachute jumps using a ram-air parachute, and
(iii) Holds a master parachute license issued by an organization recognized by the FAA, and
(iv) Has successfully completed a tandem instructor course given by the manufacturer of the tandem parachute system
used in the parachute operation or a course acceptable to the Administrator.
(v) Has been certified by the appropriate parachute manufacturer or tandem course provider as being properly
trained on the use of the specific tandem parachute system to be used.
(2) The person acting as parachutist in command:
(i) Has briefed the passenger parachutist before boarding the aircraft. The briefing must include the procedures to be
used in case of an emergency with the aircraft or after exiting the aircraft, while preparing to exit and exiting the aircraft, freefall, operating the parachute after freefall,
landing approach, and landing.
(ii) Uses the harness position prescribed by the manufacturer of the tandem parachute equipment.
(b) No person may make a parachute jump with a tandem parachute system unless --
(1) The main parachute has been packed by a certificated parachute rigger, the parachutist in command making the next
jump with that parachute, or a person under the direct supervision of a certificated parachute rigger.
(2) The reserve parachute has been packed by a certificated parachute rigger in accordance with §105.43(b) of this part.
(3) The tandem parachute system contains an operational automatic activation device for the reserve parachute, approved
by the manufacturer of that tandem parachute system. The device must --
(i) Have been maintained in accordance with manufacturer instructions, and
(ii) Be armed during each tandem parachute operation.
(4) The passenger parachutist is provided with a manual main parachute activation device and instructed on the use of that
device, if required by the owner/operator.
(5) The main parachute is equipped with a single-point release system.
(6) The reserve parachute meets Technical Standard Order C23 specifications.
§105.47
Use of static lines.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, no person may conduct a parachute operation using a static line attached to the
aircraft and the main parachute unless an assist device, described and attached as follows, is used to aid the pilot chute in performing its
function, or, if no pilot chute is used, to aid in the direct deployment of the main parachute canopy. The assist device must --
(1) Be long enough to allow the main parachute container to open before a load is placed on the device.
(2) Have a static load strength of --
(i) At least 28 pounds but not more than 160 pounds if it is used to aid the pilot chute in performing its function; or
(ii) At least 56 pounds but not more than 320 pounds if it is used to aid in the direct deployment of the main parachute canopy; and
(3) Be attached as follows:
(i) At one end, to the static line above the static-line pins or, if static-line pins are not used, above the static-line
ties to the parachute cone.
(ii) At the other end, to the pilot chute apex, bridle cord, or bridle loop, or, if no pilot chute is used, to the main parachute canopy.
(b) No person may attach an assist device required by paragraph (a) of this section to any main parachute unless that person is a certificated
parachute rigger or that person makes the next parachute jump with that parachute.
(c) An assist device is not required for parachute operations using direct-deployed, ram-air parachutes.
§105.49
Foreign parachutists and equipment.
(a) No person may conduct a parachute operation, and no pilot in command of an aircraft may allow a parachute operation to be
conducted from that aircraft with an unapproved foreign parachute system unless --
(1) The parachute system is worn by a foreign parachutist who is the owner of that system.
(2) The parachute system is of a single-harness dual parachute type.
(3) The parachute system meets the civil aviation authority requirements of the foreign parachutist's country.
(4) All foreign non-approved parachutes deployed by a foreign parachutist during a parachute operation conducted under this
section shall be packed as follows --
(i) The main parachute must be packed by the foreign parachutist making the next parachute jump with that
parachute, a certificated parachute rigger, or any other person acceptable to the Administrator.
(ii) The reserve parachute must be packed in accordance with the foreign parachutist's civil aviation authority
requirements, by a certificated parachute rigger, or any other person acceptable to the Administrator.
Section 119.1 Applicability (excerpted)
(a) This part applies to each person operating or intending to operate civil aircraft--
(1) As an air carrier or commercial operator, or both, in air commerce; or
(2) When common carriage is not involved, in operations of U.S.-registered civil airplanes with a seat configuration of
20 or more passengers, or a maximum payload capacity of 6,000 pounds or more.
(e) Except for operations when common carriage is not involved conducted with airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration
of 20 seats or more, excluding any required crewmember seat, or a payload capacity of 6,000 pounds or more, this part does not apply to--
(6) Nonstop flights conducted within a 25 statute mile radius of the airport of takeoff carrying persons for the purpose of intentional
parachute jumps.
(end of excerpt)
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